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Car (from Greek. "Αὐτο" - myself and latin. "Mobilis" - moving) car - trackless wheeled motor vehicle designed for movement on the surface of the Earth. For quick and comfortable movement of cars built special highways or roads. Two-wheeled motor vehicles, even with the trailer and small three-and four-wheeled motor vehicles are not cars.

History

The first known drawings of the car (with a spring-driven) are owned by Leonardo da Vinci (p. 812R Codex Atlanticus), but neither the current instance, no information about its existence until today has not reached. In 2004, experts of the Museum of the History of Science of Florence were able to recover from drawings this car, thus proving the correctness of the ideas of Leonardo. In the Renaissance, and later in several European countries "self-propelled 'carts and carriages, spring engine built in single quantities to participate in masquerades and parades.

In Russia in the 1780's worked on a project car famous Russian inventor Ivan Kulibin. In 1791 he was made a cart-samokatka, in which he applied flywheel, brake, gearbox, bearings, etc.

In 1769, French inventor Kyuno tested the first prototype machine with a steam engine, known as "little cart Kyuno", and in 1770 - "big Kyuno cart. Himself an inventor called it "Fire cart" - it was meant for towing artillery. 

"Truck Kyuno" consider not only the precursor of the car, but the engine, since it was set in motion the power of steam. In the XIX century steam-powered stagecoaches and Routhier (steam tractors, that is, trackless locomotives) for ordinary roads were built in England, France and used in several European countries, including Russia, but they were heavy, voracious and inconvenient, and therefore not widely used .

There have been sporadic cases of building cars as luxury items. For example, in history came in La Marquise (official name - De Dion-Bouton et Trepardoux), built in 1884 and worked on steam traction.

The appearance of light, compact and powerful enough internal combustion engine has opened up opportunities for the development of the car. In 1885, German inventor H. Daimler, and in 1886 his compatriot Karl Benz, manufactured and patented the first self-propelled carriages filled with gasoline engines. In 1895, Karl Benz made the first bus with the engine. In 1896, G. Daimler made the first taxi and a truck. In the last decade of the XIX century in Germany, France and England originated the automotive industry.

The considerable contribution to the wide dissemination of road transport has made the American inventor and industrialist, Mr. Ford, great use of the conveyor system assembly of automobiles.

In the first quarter of the XX century widespread electric cars and cars with a steam engine. In 1900, about half of the cars in the U.S. was on a steam-run, in 1910 in New York in a taxi to work up to 70 thousand electric vehicles.

In the same in 1900 by Ferdinand Porsche designed the electric four-wheel drive vehicle in which they are leading them in motion electric motors. Two years later the Dutch company Spyker has released a racing car with four-wheel drive, equipped with axles differential [2].

In 1906, a steam car company Stanley set a speed record - 203 km / h. Model 1907 was driving at a refueling water 50 miles. Needed for the motion of the vapor pressure was achieved within 10-15 minutes of launch vehicles. It was the favorite car of police and firefighters in New England. Stanley Brothers made about 1000 cars a year. In 1909 the brothers opened the first hotel in Colorado luxury. From the train station to hotel guests drove a steam bus, which was the actual beginning of the automobile tourism. The company released the Stanley steam cars on the run until 1927. Despite a number of advantages (good traction, multi-fuel), steam cars left the scene in 1930 due to its inefficiency and complexity of operation.

In 1923, the company produced the first Benz truck with diesel engines.

Car types

Passenger car - total weight not exceeding 3500 kg for the carriage of passengers (from 1 to 8, not including the driver) and luggage. Cars are available with closed bodywork (sedan, limousine, coupe, hatchback, wagon and van), and with bodies, which removed the top (convertible, roadster, landau and phaeton).
SUV - the car adapted for movement outside of paved roads. SUV typically characterized by all-wheel drive, tires with special tread pattern and other technical features.
Pickup - utility modification based on a car or SUV with an open platform with a tailgate. Carrying capacity from 150 to 4500 kg.
A racing car - a car designed specifically for sporting events, as well as to establish speed records and so on. 
Lorry (truck) - a car for transportation of goods. At the truck chassis also produces specialized vehicles and special purpose.
Terrain vehicles - car or truck with all-wheel drive, adapted for movement outside of paved roads. Terrain vehicles equip transmissions with the extended range of gear ratios and tires with special tread pattern, often with centralized control tire pressure and other technical features.
Particularly heavy goods vehicle - car-train or other vehicle, axle loads exceeding 120 kN (12 tons of force), and clear width - 2,5 m.
The bus - an auto to transport more than 8 passengers, not a trolley. 
Trolley - an auto designed to carry more than 8 passengers, powered with electricity from an external contact wires.
Electric car - a car that uses electricity to move its own batteries.
Hybrid automobile - fuel efficient car that uses both electric and traditional internal combustion engine.

Specialized Cars: 
civil
Wheel
Truck
tanker
Cars for special purposes:
civil
Wheel
tractor
ambulance
hearse
snowplow
truck crane
hoist
fire-engine vehicle
military
Wheel
armored car
armored troop-carrier

Major manufacturers for three quarters of 2009:
-Volkswagen - 4,4 million. Share in the global automotive market - 11.7%.
-Toyota - 4,000,000.
-Ford - 3,7 million.
-General Motors - 3,6 million.
-Renault-Nissan - 12,2 mln.
-Hyundai -??? mln.